Alone locomotion: Animal walking, climbing, or scrambling more than 1 body length away from another animal

Alone resting: Stationary on land or in tree/structure; eyes half or fully closed; minimal head orientation movements

Social resting: Stationary on land or in a tree/structure; eyes half or fully closed; minimal head orientation movements and within 1 body length of another animal

Social walking: Walking on land or structure in the same direction and within 1 body length of another animal

Anticipatory behaviour: Animal directs eyes and sometimes orients its body toward caretakers, gates, or people outside the enclosure. Does not include anticipatory pacing

Vocalisation: Animal makes any vocalisation (e.g., growling, grunting, calling)

Alone non-enrichment play: Play behaviours with the animal’s own body or part of the environment (not enrichment items)

Enrichment engagement: Exploratory or play behaviour directed toward enrichment items or activities

Social non-enrichment play: Gentle play with another animal, lower intensity than agonistic behaviour

Food intake: Animal ingests food as part of feeding or enrichment

Social grooming: Animal licks or gently bites fur of another animal

Sniffing: Animal sniffs another animal

Sexual behaviour: Genital contact, genital sniffing, mounting, or copulation

Agonistic behaviour: High-speed aggressive interactions including biting, chasing, scent fighting

Alone grooming: Animal grooms its own body

Wakeful inactivity: Animal stationary with eyes open but not resting

Alone sniffing: Animal sniffs air or environment (excluding enrichment)

Environmental rubbing: Animal rubs body against environmental features

Pacing without anticipation: Repetitive locomotion without anticipatory cues

Pacing with anticipation: Repetitive locomotion with anticipatory cues

Oral ARB: Repetitive oral behaviours without apparent function

Locomotory ARB: Repetitive movement-based behaviours without function

Urinate: Animal observed urinating

Defaecate: Animal observed defaecating

Other behaviour: Any behaviour not listed

Out of sight: Animal not visible