Polar Bear

Alone swimming: Animal swimming more than 1 body length away from another animal.

Alone resting: Stationary on land or in water, eye(s) half or fully closed, minimal head orientation movements.

Alone walking: Walking on land (or within shallow water), and not following more than two laps of a fixed route, with a longer step-cycle duration than pacing.

Social swimming: Animal swimming within 1 body length of another animal, showing largely parallel movements and body axes, with only a few seconds delay at most between movements.

Social resting: Stationary on land or in water, eye(s) half or fully closed, minimal head orientation movements and within 1 body length of another animal.

Social walking: Walking on land (or within shallow water) in the same direction and within 1 body length of another animal (and not following more than two laps of a fixed route, with a longer step-cycle duration than pacing).

Anticipatory behaviour: Animal direct eyes and sometimes orients its body towards area where caretakers usually appear, or where a gate usually opens, and/or towards people walking around outside the enclosure. Does not include any anticipatory pacing (this is defined within pacing behaviour).

Vocalisation: Animal makes any vocalisation e.g. growling, grunting, calling.

Alone non-enrichment play: Play behaviours (e.g. pawing, chasing, biting, pushing, jumping) with the animal’s own body, pool water, or part of the environment (but not involving any enrichment items):

Enrichment engagement: Focal shows play or exploratory behaviours towards enrichment object or activity added to the enclosure. If the item is a carcass or the animal ingests the food contained within the item, record as food intake. Note whether alone or social. 

Social non-enrichment play: Focal animal engaged in pawing, chasing, attempting to bite, pushing, jumping with another animal, all more gently and at lower speeds than agonistic interactions, and may involve pool water, or part of the environment (but not any enrichment items). Few prolonged instances of aggressive postures or behaviours, but may occur very briefly during intense play.

Food intake: Focal ingests food contained within a foraging enrichment item or as part of an enrichment activity.

Social grooming: Focal animal licks and gently bites fur of another animal, and may include gentle rubs of its body or part of body against another animal.

Sniffing: Focal sniffs another animal.

Sexual behaviour: Animal engages in genital-to-genital contact, touches a genital to another’s body part, sniffs another’s genital area, or touches its body part to another animal’s genitals. May include full mounting and copulation. 

Agonistic behaviour: Agonistic behaviours can be distinguished from rough play since they usually occur at higher speeds, and may include growling and energetic chasing and biting.

Alone grooming: Animal licks and gently bites its own fur or body parts. 

Wakeful inactivity: Focal animal is in a standing, sitting or lying position but eyes are clearly open and it is not resting.

Alone sniffing: Animal sniffs air, sometimes tilting head upwards, and sometimes sticking tongue out. Sniffing enrichment object is classified under enrichment engagement. 

Environmental rubbing: Animal rubs or scratches body or part of body clearly back and forth against a part of the environment such as the walls, substrate, or gates.

Pacing without anticipation: Animal walks in the same route for 3 laps or more, where it doesn’t vary from the pattern but the sequence does not include anticipatory behaviours nor does it take place in a location where a predictable event may occur e.g. a gate. Observe the animal walking 3 laps of the route, and then start recording it as pacing behaviour.

Pacing with anticipation: Animal walks in the same route for 3 laps or more, where it doesn’t vary from the pattern and the sequence includes anticipatory behaviours, such as vigilance and may take place in an area where a predictable event may occur e.g. a gate. Observe the animal walking 3 laps of the route, and then start recording it as pacing behaviour.

Pattern swimming: Focal animal swims along the same route for 3 loops or more. Observe the animal swimming 3 laps of the route, and then start recording it as pattern swimming.

Oral Abnormal Repetitive Behaviour: Behaviour that is repetitive, invariant, and doesn't seem to have a function, and is focused on the animal’s mouth e.g. repetitive mouth movements, bar chewing, invariant licking, or regurgitation and reingestion. Record from first instance if a known ARB for that animal, otherwise start after 3 repeats.

Locomotory Abnormal Repetitive Behaviour: Behaviour that is repetitive, invariant, and doesn't seem to have a function, and is based on an animal’s movements (e.g., head tossing, repetitive rubbing. Record from first instance if a known ARB for that animal, otherwise start after 3 repeats. Do not include pacing or pattern swimming.

Urinate/Defaecate: Animal observed urinating or defaecating.

Other behavior: Any other behaviour not listed.

Out of sight: Animal is not visible.